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Researchers have found the earliest direct evidence for horseback riding.
研讨职员发明了人类骑马的最早的间接证据。
The evidence comes from 5,000-year-old human skeletons in central Europe.
证据来自中欧5000年前的人类骨骼。
The research study was published last week in the publication Science Advances.
这项研讨上周宣布在《迷信停顿》杂志上。
Horseback riding was a development that changed history.
骑马改动了汗青。
It was "the fastest a human could go before the railroads," said David Anthony.
戴维·安东尼说，这是“在铁路呈现之后人类能走的最疾速度”。
He is a co-writer of the study and an archaeologist at New York's Hartwick College.
他是这项研讨的合著者，也是纽约哈特威克学院的考古学家。
The researchers examined the bones of more than 200 ancient people in museum collections in Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Hungary and the Czech Republic.
研讨职员观察了保加利亚、波兰、罗马尼亚、匈牙利和捷克博物馆珍藏的200多具昔人的骨骼。
The bones came from the period known as the Bronze Age between 3,000 and 5,000 years ago.
这些骨骼来自3000至5000年前的青铜期间。
The researchers looked for signs of "horse rider syndrome."
研讨职员寻觅“骑手综合症”的迹象。
Martin Trautmann, another writer of the study, explained the condition.
该研讨的另一位作者马丁·特劳特曼表明了这种状况。
He said there are six markers that show whether a person rode an animal.
他说，有六个特性可以标明一团体能否骑过马。
They include wear marks on the hips, thigh bone and pelvis, said Trautmann, an anthropologist at the University of Helsinki in Finland.
芬兰赫尔辛基大学的人类学家特劳特曼说，这些特性包罗臀部、股骨和骨盆上的磨损陈迹。
The researchers identified five humans who likely rode horses.
研讨职员确定了五个能够会骑马的人。
They are estimated to have lived between 4,500 and 5,000 years ago.
据估量，他们生存在4500到5000年前。
They belonged to a Bronze Age people called the Yamnaya.
它们属于青铜期间的亚姆纳亚人。
Alan Outram is an archaeologist at Britain's University of Exeter.
艾伦·乌特勒姆是英国埃克塞特大学的考古学家。
He was not involved in the research, but he praised the methods the scientists used.
他没有到场这项研讨，但他歌颂了迷信家运用的办法。
He said, "There is earlier evidence for harnessing and milking of horses, but this is the earliest direct evidence so far for horseback riding."
他说：“有更早的证据标明存在套马具和挤马奶，但这是迄今为止骑马的最早的间接证据。”
Domesticating wild horses on the plains of Eurasia was a process, not a single event, the researchers said.
研讨职员表现，在欧亚大陆平原上驯化野马是一个进程，而不是一个单一的事情。
Archaeologists have previously found evidence of people drinking horse milk.
考古学家此前发明了人们饮用马奶的证据。
There have also been signs of horses controlled by harnesses dating back more than 5,000 years.
也有迹象标明，早在5000多年前，马就曾经被马具控制了。
But that does not mean humans rode the horses.
但这并不料味着人类会骑马。
The Yamnaya culture developed in what is now part of Ukraine and western Russia.
亚姆纳亚文明开展于如今的乌克兰和俄罗斯西部地域。
The Yamnaya are important because of their expansion across Eurasia in only a few generations.
亚姆纳亚人之以是紧张，是由于他们在短短几代人的工夫里就扩张到了欧亚大陆。
They moved west to Hungary and east to Mongolia, said University of Helsinki archaeologist and study co-writer Volker Heyd.
赫尔辛基大学考古学家、研讨合著者沃尔克·海德说，他们向西迁徙到匈牙利，向东迁徙到蒙古。
"The spread of Indo-European languages is linked to their movement, and they reshaped the genetic make-up of Europe," Heyd said.
海德说：“印欧语的传达与他们的迁移有关，他们重塑了欧洲的基因组成。”
Their relationship with horses may have partly made this movement possible, the researchers suggested.
研讨职员以为，他们与马的干系能够在肯定水平上使这种迁移运动成为能够。
David Anthony, the Hartwick College archaeologist, said, "Horses expand the concept of distance – you begin to think about places previously out of reach as being reachable."
哈特威克学院的考古学家戴维·安东尼说：“马扩展了间隔的观点——你开端以为曩昔高不可攀的中央是可以抵达的。”
That does not mean the Yamnaya people were warriors on horseback.
这并不料味着亚姆纳亚人是骑马的兵士。
The horses they rode were likely not used in battlefield situations, Anthony said.
安东尼说，他们骑的马能够没有在战场上运用过。
But horses may have helped the Yamnaya more effectively send communications, build alliances and control the herds of cattle that were important to their economy.
但马能够协助亚姆纳亚人更无效地通讯，树立同盟和控制对他们的经济至关紧张的牛群。
I'm Ashley Thompson.
阿什利·汤普森为您播报。
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