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Although there is widespread public faith in the value of higher education, the progress of massifcation has been slow and uneven.
固然大众广泛置信初等教诲的代价，但普通化的历程不断是迟缓而不平衡的。
And why is it slow and uneven?
为什么普通化的历程是迟缓而不平衡的?
Well, one, higher education did not admit significant numbers of racial and ethnic minorities until after the civil rights of the 1960s forced change.
起首，初等教诲并没有采取少量的种族和多数民族，直到20世纪60年月的民权迫使改动。
Second, despite significant expenditures on financial aid, minority and low income individuals are still less likely to attend college than whites or students from middle-and upper-income families.
其次，虽然在经济救济上有少量收入，但多数族裔和低支出团体上大学的能够性仍低于白人或来自中高支出家庭的先生。
Although access gaps have nowadays narrowed somewhat, large gaps remain between completion rates.
固然如今退学差距有所减少，但在学业完成率方面依然存在很大的差距。
Low-income students come to college less prepared, and must balance academic demands with work and family responsibilities.
低支出家庭的先生上大学时预备缺乏，必需在学业需求与任务和家庭责任之间获得均衡。
Finding ways to increase the enrollment rates of low-income students and encourage their success once enrolled are two of the most important problems facing American higher education.
怎样进步低支出家庭先生的退学率，鼓舞他们在退学后获得乐成，是美国初等教诲面对的两个最紧张的题目。
One of the challenges to meet these goals is that they can conflict with the other central tenets of American higher education.
完成这些目的的应战之一是，它们能够与美国初等教诲的其他中心准绳相抵触。
That is market competition and resistance to government control, as I said before.
这便是市场竞争和对当局控制的抵抗，就像我之前说的。
For example, institutional competition for the most academically talented students is likely to encourage increased use of tuition discounting for students who have no financial need,
比方，为抢夺最有学术天赋的先生而停止的机构竞争，能够会鼓舞更多地为没有经济需求的先生提供学费扣头，
and this could divert resources away from low-income students who need financial aid.
而这能够会把资源从需求经济救济的低支出先生身上转移出去。
Similarly, institutions may seek to distinguish themselves in the academic marketplace by becoming more selective in admissions decisions, thus reducing the number of low-income students admitted.
异样，大学能够会经过在登科决议上愈加挑剔来寻求在学术市场中锋芒毕露，从而增加低支出家庭先生的登科数目。
However, a primary role of government is to mediate the potentially negative effects of competition by insisting that institutions adhere to their missions and that institutions provide need-based financial assistance to students.
但是，当局的次要作用是调停竞争能够带来的负面影响，它要求各院校对峙本人的任务，并为先生提供基于需求的经济救济。
So a constant preoccupation of American higher education is this tension between the competitive, ambitious nature of institutions and the interests of government in promoting important public goals, primary among them broad access and widespread success for all students.
因而，美国初等教诲不断存眷的是学院竞争天分和野心与当局在促进紧张大众目的方面的长处之间的告急干系，这些大众目的最次要的是为一切先生提供普遍的时机和普遍的乐成。
Okay. For today's lecture, we have briefly discussed some of the major challenges facing U.S. higher education,
好吧。 在明天的讲座中，我们扼要讨论了美国初等教诲面对的一些次要应战，
such as the impact of the marketplace on institutions and the tension between competition and promoting public goals.
如市场对大学机构的影响，竞争和促进大众目的之间的告急干系。
